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C2 Ceramide

产品活性：C2 Ceramide (Ceramide 2) 是一种角质层的主要脂质，也是一种蛋白质磷酸酶 1 (PP1) 的激活剂。C2 Ceramide 还可激活 PP2A 和神经酰胺激活的蛋白磷酸酶 (CAPP)。C2 Ceramide 可诱导细胞分，自噬 autophagy 和凋亡 (apoptosis)，抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物 III (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III)。C2 Ceramide 是一种皮肤调理剂，可保护表皮屏障免受水分流失。

研究领域：Metabolic Enzyme/Protease  |  Apoptosis  |  Autophagy

作用靶点：Phosphatase  |  Mitochondrial Metabolism  |  Apoptosis  |  Autophagy

In Vitro: C2 Ceramide (5 nM-200 µM; 24 hours; primary mouse osteoblasts) treatment (≤500 nM) promots osteoblast viability, whilst concentrations ≥2 µM significantly reduces osteoblast viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
C2 Ceramide increases cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments by 5.7- and 11.2-fold at 50 µM and 100 µM C2 Ceramide concentrations respectively in osteoblasts. At these higher concentrations, C2 Ceramide is a potent inducer of apoptosis in osteoblasts.
C2 Ceramide up-regulates mRNA expression of angiogenic genes in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and increases the migration and capillary tube formation of endothelial cells, whereas PP1 small interfering RNA shows opposite effects. Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) increases levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2, phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8, and mRNA expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix.

In Vivo: The PP1 activator C2 Ceramide increases alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralizes nodule formation, and mRNA expression of dentin matrix protein 1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein. In contrast, knockdown by PP1 small interfering RNA inhibits odontoblastic differentiation.

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